INTRODUCTION

The problem of child labor has been more serious in developing countries than in developed country. Due poverty, hunger, illiteracy, ignorance, traditional thinking and lack of proper implementation of child labour laws in our country ,the problem of child labour is still persist in our society.

WHAT IS CHILD LABOUR

As per International Labour Organization (ILO):

The term “child labour” is often defined as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development. 

CHILD LABOUR IN DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES

Child Labour prevails in every sector whether it is manufacturing, mining and quarrying, domestic service or hotels, restaurants and retail sector

CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA

In India child labour still continues to pose a challenge before the nation.  Government has been taking various pro-active measures to tackle this problem. However, considering the magnitude and extent of the problem and that it is essentially a socio-economic problem inextricably linked to poverty and illiteracy, it requires concerted efforts from all sections of the society to make a dent in the problem.

CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR

Over population, poverty, parental illiteracy, lack of proper education, urbanization, availability of cheap child labour are some common causes of wide-spread child labour.

EFFECTS OF CHILD LABOUR

To keep an economy prospering, a vital criterion is to have an educated workforce equipped with relevant skills for the needs of the industries. The young labourers today will be part of India’s human capital tomorrow. Child labour undoubtedly results in a trade-off with human capital accumulation.Child labour in India                     

INDIAN CONSTITUTION PROVISIONS RELATED TO CHILD LABOUR

• Article 24 Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc
• Article 39  Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State
•  Article 45 Provision for free and compulsory education for children

The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986

The main object of this Act is to prohibit the engagement of children in certain employment’s and to regulate the conditions of work or children in certain other employment’s

NATIONAL CHILD LABOUR PROJECTS (NCLP)

The largest and most structured intervention in the area of child labour in India is the National Child Labour Projects (NCLP). The NCLP Scheme targets children below 14 years of age working in specific areas of hazardous work, listed as 15 Occupations and 57 processes in the Schedule to the Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986. 

EFFORTS BY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA TO CONTROL CHILD LABOUR

The child labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in 16 occupation and 65 processes that are hazardous to the children’s lives and health.

CERTAIN LEGAL PRONOUNCEMENT CHILD LABOUR

•  v. Union of India: [(1982) 3 SCC 235; AIR 1982 SC 1473]
• Lakshmi Kant Pandey v. Union of India: [(1984) 2 SCC 244; AIR 1984 SC 469]
• M.C.Mehta v. State of T.N.: [(1991) 1 SCC 283]
• Gaurav Jain v Union of India: [(1997) 8 SCC 114; AIR 1997 SC 3021]

CASE STUDY

• BACHPAN BACHAO ANDOLAN (BBA)
• SAVE THE CHILDREN

CONCLUSION

Child labour cannot be eliminated by focusing on one determinant, for example education, or by brute enforcement of child labour laws. The government of India must ensure that the needs of the poor are filled before attacking child labour. If poverty is addressed, the need for child labour will automatically diminish.

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BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Business environment consists of all those factors that have a bearing on the business. Business environment is broadly categorized into two categories:  Internal Environment and External Environment    

Benefits of understanding business environment:

• First mover advantage
• Customer Focus
• Continuous Learning
• Strategy Formulation

SOFT DRINK INDUSTRY IN INDIA -INTRODUCTION

Soft drinks are known as non-alcoholic beverage containing syrup essence or fruit concentrates that are mixed with carbonated water. Soft drinks are thirst quencher, hygienic and a drink of enjoyment. Soft drinks industries are quite old. Today Pepsi and Coca-Cola are the famous brands, and both are multinational. 

TOP SOFT DRINK BRANDS IN INDIA        

• Pepsi- Pepsi is a hundred-year-old brand loved by over 200 million people worldwide. The largest single selling soft drink brand in India.
• Coca Cola- It was initially introduced in the market as a patent medicine. Coca Cola is simply referred to as “Coke”, which became a registered trademark by The Coca Cola Company in the United States in 1944.
• Maaza- Mango drinks currently account for 90% of the fruit juice market in India. Maaza currently dominates the fruit drink category and competes with Pepsi’s Slice brand of mango drink and Frooti, manufactured by Parle Agro.
• Thums Up- Its strong and fizzy taste makes it unique carbonated Indian cola. As of February 2012, Thums Up is the leader in the cola segment in India, commanding approximately 42% market share and an overall 15% market share in the Indian aerated waters market.

HISTORY OF COLA

The Coca-Cola Company re-entered India through its wholly owned subsidiary, Coca-Cola India Private Limited and re-launched Coca-Cola in 1993 after the opening up of the Indian economy to foreign investments in 1991. Today, this brand is the leading brands in most beverage segments. The Coca-Cola Company’s brands in India include Coca-Cola, Fanta Orange, Limca, Sprite, Thums Up, Burn, Kinley, Maaza, Minute Maid Pulpy Orange, Minute Maid Nimbu Fresh and the Georgia Gold range of teas and coffees and Vitingo.

ENTRY AND EXIT OF COLA

Coca-Cola came to India in the year 1956. Since India had not any foreign exchange act, Coca-Cola made huge money operating under 100% foreign equity. A new Indian foreign exchange act was implemented in the year 1974. After that  government instructed Coca-Cola to either write up a new plan or to leave the country. In 1977, The Janta Party came into the power and stressed that Coca-Cola should either accept the foreign exchange act or leave the country.

RE-ENTRY OF COCA COLA

Coca Cola has re-entered India in 1993, giving its competitor Pepsi Co a huge four year heads up into the Indian market which used this opportunity to capture much of the Indian consumer’s imagination. Coca-Cola re-entered after government approval, due to the new liberalization policies that were coming to India.

COCA COLA NOW

Reaching to the masses and increasing the per capita consumption of cola in the massive landscape of India was the challenge for coke during this point of time. The rural market of India represented a major opportunity (96% of Indian population) for market penetration and a battleground for market dominance. Its mantra was “Within the arm’s reach of desire”.

ABOUT PEPSICO

PepsiCo entered India in 1989 and in a short period, has grown into one of the largest food and beverage businesses in the country. PepsiCo growth in India has been guided by its global vision of “Performance with Purpose”. This means that while businesses maximize shareholder value, they have a responsibility to all the stakeholders, including the communities in which they operate, the consumers they serve and the environment whose resources they use.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR ENTRY OF PEPSI IN INDIA

• The company knew that the political and social problems that plagued Punjab were an extremely sensitive issue for India in the 1980s. Pepsi Co’s decision to link its entry with the development and welfare of the state was thus a conscious one, aimed at winning the government over.
• The company claimed that it would play a central role in bringing about an agricultural revolution in the state and would create many employment opportunities.
• To make its proposal even more lucrative, PepsiCo claimed that these new employment opportunities would tempt many of the terrorists to return to society

THE LINKAGES

• PRESENCE OF PESTICIDES

In 2003, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) findings stirred the beverage industry in India. CSE claimed to find dangerous levels of pesticides in all the 57 samples of 11 soft drinks brands collected by the organization from 25 different manufacturing units of Coca-Cola and PepsiCo spread over 12 states. The study found a cocktail of three-five different pesticides in all the samples – on an average 24 times higher than norms laid down by government-run Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS).

• EFFECT ON INDUSTRY

Both Coke and Pepsi published newspaper advertisements to spread message against the report. The companies attacked the credibility of the CSE and their lab results, citing regular testing at independent laboratories proving the safety of their products

• GROUND WATER CRISIS

Coca-Cola was recently accused of ground water depletion in many areas of the country. Coca-Cola’s bottling operations – which extract hundreds of millions of liters of water from the groundwater resource – have significantly worsened the water crisis as groundwater levels have dropped sharply since Coca-Cola started its operations.

CONCLUSION

A positive change in Business Environment leads to growth of business while a negative change leads to decline in business. A business should identify the sign of threats to protect itself from negative change while it should identify the early opportunities to get maximum benefit out of it.

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INTRODUCTION TO PACKAGING

Packaging refers to the container or wrapper that holds a product or group of products. It is the science, art, and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. It can also be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use. Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports, informs, and sells.

HISTORY OF PACKAGING

The first packages used the natural materials available at the time:

Baskets of reeds, Wineskins (Bota bags),              Wooden boxes, Pottery vases, Ceramic amphorae, Wooden barrels, Woven bags, etc.

PURPOSE OF PACKAGING

Packaging has several objectives, some of these are:

• Physical Protection
• Information Transmission
• Marketing
• Convenience

TYPES OF PACKAGING

• Primary packaging is the material that first envelops the product and holds it. This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package which is in direct contact with the contents.
• Secondary packaging is outside the primary packaging, perhaps used to group primary packages together.
• Tertiary packaging is used for bulk handling, warehouse storage and transport shipping. The most common form is a palletized unit load that packs tightly into containers.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

Package development involves considerations for sustainability, environmental responsibility, and applicable environmental and recycling regulations.

The traditional “three R’s” of reduce, reuse, and recycle are part of a waste hierarchy which may be considered in product and package development.

CHANGES IN MODE OF PACKAGING

Product packaging has undergone significant change over the years. Now-a-days packaging is more than a just a container with a label stuck on it. It has become a vital opportunity to build  new brands or reinforce and add value to a positive experience of an existing  product or brand.

CHANGES IN TRANSPORTATION PACKAGING OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Proper Packaging can prolong the storage life of fresh fruits and vegetables by preventing moisture loss thereby wilting. The rate of moisture loss varies with the product and water vapour permeability of the packaging film.

Wooden Pallets To Corregulated Plastic Pallets, Corregulated Fiberboard Pallets, Plastic Crates, Expanded Polysrtyrene Packaging were being used from time to time for packaging of fruits and vegetables.

PACKAGING OF MILK

Until the mid 1880s milk was dipped from large cans into the consumer’s own containers. The glass milk bottle was invented in 1884 and became the main container of retail distribution until World War II, when wax-coated paper containers were introduced. Plastic-coated paper followed and became the predominate container. Today more than 75 percent of retail sales are in translucent plastic jugs. Glass bottles make up less than 0.5 percent of the business and are used mostly at dairy stores and for home delivery

CARDBOARD PACKAGING

Cardboard packaging is one of the most common types of product packaging used, and its uses are only limited by the imagination. Everything from the simplest of products to the most expensive often come protected in cardboard. In addition to the benefits it offers consumers, this type of packaging can also have a positive impact on the environment.

PLASTIC BAGS

Plastic bags are typically made from oil, a non-renewable resource. Plastics are a by-product of the oil-refining process, accounting for about four percent of oil production around the globe.

BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC BAGS –ALTERNATIVE TO PLASTIC BAGS

PACKAGING COST BORNE BY CONSUMER/MANUFACTURER

Packaging costs are also paid by consumers. If the product is expensive and so does the packaging that comes with it, consumers of premium brand are more often than not willing to pay the price.

PACKAGING AS MEANS OF ADVERTISEMENT

Packaging trends and innovations can influence whether the product will ever get onto the stores shelf.

REUSE OF PACKAGING

The packaging should be manufactured from the right materials, ensuring that the product inside is not damaged. Potential customers today expect packaging to be environmentally friendly. Consequently, the use of sustainable, recyclable and bio-degradable materials is essential.

CONCLUSION OF THE PROJECT

Packaging is thus considered an important part of business environment. It has changed various forms during the years. The role of packaging has also changed over the years. In old days it was used just for protection purpose but now it is used as a promotional tool and  has become an important part of the products.

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The project is attractive and made completely as per CBSE guidelines

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Business Environment consists of all those factors that have a bearing on the business. Business environment is broadly categorized into two categories:

• INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

Internal environment refers to the factors internal to the firm i.e., factors existing within business firm. These factors are generally controllable because the company has control over them and determine the potential of a company to meet the environment challenges

• EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

External environment refers to external aspects of the surroundings of business enterprise, which have influence on the functioning of business.

INTRODUCTION TO ANTI PLASTIC CAMPAIGN

Plastic is all around us. It forms much of the packaging for our food and drink. For many of us, it is throughout our home, our workplace, our car, the bus we take to and from work. It can be in our clothing, eyeglasses, teeth, toothbrush, computers, phones, dishes, utensils, toys. Excessive use of plastic in our day to life finally led to the starting of Anti Plastic Campaign.

WHAT IS PLASTIC AND WHERE DOES IT COME FROM

Plastics are Polymers, which are basically substances or molecules made up of many repeating molecular units, known as monomers. Monomers of hydrogen and carbon are linked together in long chains to form plastic polymers. The raw hydrocarbon material for most synthetic plastics is derived from petroleum, natural gas or coal.

EFFECT OF PLASTIC ON ENVIRONMENT

Various effects of plastics on our environment and society are as follows

1. Plastic is pervasive.
2. Plastic Pollute
3. Marine life is affected by plastics.
4. Marine life is affected by plastics.
5. Environmental Problems
6. Health Problems

USES OF PLASTIC

The versatility of plastic materials comes from the ability to mold, laminate or shape them, and to tailor them physically and chemically. There is a plastic suitable for almost any application. Plastics do not corrode, though they can degrade in UV (a component of sunlight) and can be affected by solvents – for example PVC plastic is soluble in acetone.

PURPOSE OF ANTI PLASTIC CAMPAIGN

• Provide ways for public to make a difference- reduce, reuse, recycle.
• Inform public with most updated information about the anti-plastic issues
• Communicate with the public one-on-one to promote grass root organization

RECOMMENDATION OF ANTI PLASTIC CAMPAIGN

1. Avoid the worst common plastics Polyvinyl Chloride, Polystyrene and Polycarbonate
2. Refuse plastic bags and bring your own reusable bags wherever you go – heck, while you’re at it, REFUSE all single-use disposable plastics

  PLASTIC RECYCLING IS A MYTH

Plastic cannot be recycled.  More accurately, plastic is merely donwcycled. This means that you can only turn one plastic item into a lower grade plastic product, and NOT in perpetuity as the classic recycling symbol suggests.  Most often, you just extend the life of the plastic product for one iteration until it gets trashed.

STATUS OF ANTI PLASTIC CAMPAIGN

In India the use of plastic bags has been banned in the following states:-Bengaluru /Bangalore (Ban on plastics in Bengaluru was imposed from mid march 2016), Maharashtra, Delhi, Punjab, Rajasthan, Himanchal Pradesh, Goa and West Bengal and many states are under process of implementing the same.

ALTERNATIVES OF PLASTIC BAGS

• Glass
• Reusable shopping bags
• Plastic Additives
• Paper Bags
• Biodegradable plastics

CONCLUSION AND OPINION

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